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 The Glassy Winged Sharpshooter
invaded California about 1990 (Sorensen and Gill 1996), French Polynesia in 1999 (Cheou 2002)] and
Hawaii in 2004 (Hoover 2004). Other
major wine-growing parts of the South Pacific and Mediterranean area also
became infested.
Dr. Mark Hoddle of the University of
California reported that naturally occurring parasitism of sharpshooter eggs
was very low on the island of Mo’orea, the immediate neighboring island to
Tahiti. Surveys indicated that less
than 2% of individual eggs were attacked by generalist egg parasitoids in just
4% of egg masses collected. Of those egg masses attacked, 44% of the eggs
were parasitized. Because only a few
eggs in an egg mass were attacked (indicating inefficient and opportunistic
exploitation) and only males were reared from sharpshooter eggs (which
suggest poor host quality as females did not oviposit fertilized female
eggs), and the wasp responsible for attacking sharpshooter egg masses was a
species of platygasterid. That is a family that does not specialize on
sharpshooter eggs, but will parasitize various species of leafhoppers. This indicated there were no native
specialized parasitoids attacking sharpshooter. Consequently, sharpshooter populations in French Polynesia were
free of the pressures associated with natural enemies with the result that
this pest reached very high numbers in Tahiti. Watery excreta known as sharpshooter rain, actually rained
from infested trees because there were so many sharpshooters feeding on trees. Such high populations retarded plant
growth and reduced local fruit production.
Furthermore, the use of shade trees was reduced because so much
sharpshooter rain made them vulnerable to the intense tropical sun. Finally, at night, high numbers of
sharpshooters would be attracted to lights and then into buildings at
night. Then because dead adult
sharpshooters would pile up in masses.
The wingbeats of adults flying past people also caused annoying
sounds. Some adults would occasionally nip people with
exposed skin.
Reduction of sharpshooter populations
on Tahiti followed the release of Gonatocerus ashmeadi that was verified by
several samplings over seven months.
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